X-ray eruptions every 22 days from the nucleus of a nearby galaxy

Muryel Guolo, Dheeraj R. Pasham, Michal Zajaček, Eric R. Coughlin, Suvi Gezari, Petra Suková, Thomas Wevers, Vojtěch Witzany, Francesco Tombesi, Sjoert van Velzen, Kate D. Alexander, Yuhan Yao, Riccardo Arcodia, Vladimír Karas, James C.A. Miller-Jones, Ronald Remillard, Keith Gendreau, Elizabeth C. Ferrara

Research output: Contribution to journalArticlepeer-review

20 Scopus citations

Abstract

Galactic nuclei showing recurrent phases of activity and quiescence have recently been discovered. Some have recurrence times as short as a few hours to a day and are known as quasi-periodic X-ray eruption (QPE) sources. Others have recurrence times as long as hundreds to a thousand days and are called repeating nuclear transients. Here we present a multiwavelength overview of Swift J023017.0+283603 (hereafter Swift J0230+28), a source from which repeating and quasi-periodic X-ray flares are emitted from the nucleus of a previously unremarkable galaxy at ∼165 Mpc. It has a recurrence time of approximately 22 days, an intermediary timescale between known repeating nuclear transients and QPE sources. The source also shows transient radio emission, likely associated with the X-ray emission. Such recurrent soft X-ray eruptions, with no accompanying ultraviolet or optical emission, are strikingly similar to QPE sources. However, in addition to having a recurrence time that is ∼25 times longer than the longest-known QPE source, Swift J0230+28’s eruptions exhibit somewhat distinct shapes and temperature evolution compared to the known QPE sources. Scenarios involving extreme mass ratio inspirals are favoured over disk instability models. The source reveals an unexplored timescale for repeating extragalactic transients and highlights the need for a wide-field, time-domain X-ray mission to explore the parameter space of recurring X-ray transients.

Original languageEnglish (US)
Pages (from-to)347-358
Number of pages12
JournalNature Astronomy
Volume8
Issue number3
DOIs
StatePublished - Mar 2024

ASJC Scopus subject areas

  • Astronomy and Astrophysics

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