Time is of the Essence! Retired Independent Directors’ Contributions to Board Effectiveness

Business & Economics

• Board Effectiveness 81%
• Independent Directors 66%
• Bandwidth 39%
• Corporate Governance 17%
• Director Independence 17%
• Accounting Fraud 16%
• Organizational Failure 16%
• Accounting Performance 15%
• Job Demands 14%
• Provisioning 13%
• Unethical Behavior 13%
• Time Constraints 13%
• Disclosure 12%
• Market Performance 11%
• Cost of Capital 11%
• Institutional Investors 11%
• Policymaker 9%
• Chief Executive Officer 9%
• Monitoring 8%
• Proportion 8%
• Responsibility 8%
• Resources 7%

Social Sciences

• independent director 100%
• director 36%
• director independence 30%
• institutional investor 21%
• time 20%
• corporate governance 17%
• job demand 17%
• fraud 14%
• lack 14%
• firm 11%
• monitoring 10%
• costs 8%
• market 8%
• responsibility 7%
• performance 6%
• resources 6%

Arts & Humanities

• Essence 50%
• Corporate Governance 22%
• Investors 16%
• Disclosure 15%
• Fraud 14%
• Monitoring 10%
• Proportion 10%
• Responsibility 10%
• Resources 9%
• Policymaker 9%
• Performance 5%
• Costs 5%