Abstract
Transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) is upregulated by inflammatory mediators in several neurological diseases/disorders where it either participates in the pathology or provides protection. Often, the biological outcome of TGF-β1 is dependent upon changes in gene expression. Recently, we demonstrated that TGF-β1 enhances astrocytic nitric oxide production induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) plus interferon-γ (IFNγ) by increasing the number of astrocytes in a population that express NOS-2. The purpose of this study was twofold: (1) to determine whether this effect occurs more generally by assessing the effect of TGF-β1 on another pro-inflammatory gene, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2); and (2) to assess stimulus specificity. We found that TGF-β1 augmented LPS plus IFNγ-induced COX-2 mRNA and protein expression, by nearly tripling the number of astrocytes that express COX-2. The effect was not stimulus-specific as TGF-β1 enhanced the number of astrocytes that expressed both COX-2 and NOS-2 protein when either IL-1β or TNFα was used in lieu of LPS. Collectively, these results suggest that TGF-β1 augments overall protein expression levels of select pro-inflammatory genes in astrocytes in a promiscuous manner by reducing the magnitude of noise in the cellular population.
Original language | English (US) |
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Pages (from-to) | 115-124 |
Number of pages | 10 |
Journal | Prostaglandins and Other Lipid Mediators |
Volume | 85 |
Issue number | 3-4 |
DOIs | |
State | Published - Mar 2008 |
Externally published | Yes |
Keywords
- Astrocytes
- COX-2
- Heterogeneity
- IFNγ
- IL-1β
- LPS
- NOS-2
- Nitric oxide
- PGE
- TNF-α
ASJC Scopus subject areas
- Biochemistry
- Physiology
- Pharmacology
- Cell Biology