Seasonal variation of multiple-muon cosmic ray air showers observed in the NOvA detector on the surface

M. A. Acero; P. Adamson; L. Aliaga; N. Anfimov; A. Antoshkin; E. Arrieta-Diaz; L. Asquith; A. Aurisano; A. Back; C. Backhouse; M. Baird; N. Balashov; P. Baldi; B. A. Bambah; S. Bashar; K. Bays; R. Bernstein; V. Bhatnagar; B. Bhuyan; J. Bian; J. Blair; A. C. Booth; R. Bowles; C. Bromberg; N. Buchanan; A. Butkevich; S. Calvez; T. J. Carroll; E. Catano-Mur; B. C. Choudhary; A. Christensen; T. E. Coan; M. Colo; L. Cremonesi; G. S. Davies; P. F. Derwent; P. Ding; Z. Djurcic; M. Dolce; D. Doyle; D. Dueñas Tonguino; E. C. Dukes; H. Duyang; S. Edayath; R. Ehrlich; M. Elkins; E. Ewart; G. J. Feldman; P. Filip; J. Franc; M. J. Frank; H. R. Gallagher; R. Gandrajula; F. Gao; A. Giri; R. A. Gomes; M. C. Goodman; V. Grichine; M. Groh; R. Group; B. Guo; A. Habig; F. Hakl; A. Hall; J. Hartnell; R. Hatcher; H. Hausner; K. Heller; J. Hewes; A. Himmel; A. Holin; B. Jargowsky; J. Jarosz; F. Jediny; C. Johnson; M. Judah; I. Kakorin; D. Kalra; D. M. Kaplan; A. Kalitkina; R. Keloth; O. Klimov; L. W. Koerner; L. Kolupaeva; S. Kotelnikov; R. Kralik; CH Kullenberg; M. Kubu; A. Kumar; C. D. Kuruppu; V. Kus; T. Lackey; K. Lang; P. Lasorak; J. Lesmeister; S. Lin; A. Lister; J. Liu; M. Lokajicek; S. Magill; M. Manrique Plata; W. A. Mann; M. L. Marshak; M. Martinez-Casales; V. Matveev; B. Mayes; M. D. Messier; H. Meyer; T. Miao; W. H. Miller; S. R. Mishra; A. Mislivec; R. Mohanta; A. Moren; A. Morozova; W. Mu; L. Mualem; M. Muether; K. Mulder; D. Naples; N. Nayak; J. K. Nelson; R. Nichol; E. Niner; A. Norman; A. Norrick; T. Nosek; H. Oh; A. Olshevskiy; T. Olson; J. Ott; J. Paley; R. B. Patterson; G. Pawloski; O. Petrova; R. Petti; D. D. Phan; R. K. Plunkett; J. C.C. Porter; A. Rafique; V. Raj; M. Rajaoalisoa; B. Ramson; B. Rebel; P. Rojas; V. Ryabov; O. Samoylov; M. C. Sanchez; S. Sánchez Falero; P. Shanahan; A. Sheshukov; P. Singh; V. Singh; E. Smith; J. Smolik; P. Snopok; N. Solomey; A. Sousa; K. Soustruznik; M. Strait; L. Suter; A. Sutton; S. Swain; C. Sweeney; B. Tapia Oregui; P. Tas; T. Thakore; R. B. Thayyullathil; J. Thomas; E. Tiras; S. C. Tognini; J. Tripathi; J. Trokan-Tenorio; Y. Torun; J. Urheim; P. Vahle; Z. Vallari; J. Vasel; P. Vokac; T. Vrba; M. Wallbank; T. K. Warburton; M. Wetstein; D. Whittington; D. A. Wickremasinghe; S. G. Wojcicki; J. Wolcott; W. Wu; Y. Xiao; A. Yallappa Dombara; K. Yonehara; S. Yu; Y. Yu; S. Zadorozhnyy; J. Zalesak; Y. Zhang; R. Zwaska

doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.104.012014

Seasonal variation of multiple-muon cosmic ray air showers observed in the NOvA detector on the surface

M. A. Acero, P. Adamson, L. Aliaga, N. Anfimov, A. Antoshkin, E. Arrieta-Diaz, L. Asquith, A. Aurisano, A. Back, C. Backhouse, M. Baird, N. Balashov, P. Baldi, B. A. Bambah, S. Bashar, K. Bays, R. Bernstein, V. Bhatnagar, B. Bhuyan, J. BianJ. Blair, A. C. Booth, R. Bowles, C. Bromberg, N. Buchanan, A. Butkevich, S. Calvez, T. J. Carroll, E. Catano-Mur, B. C. Choudhary, A. Christensen, T. E. Coan, M. Colo, L. Cremonesi, G. S. Davies, P. F. Derwent, P. Ding, Z. Djurcic, M. Dolce, D. Doyle, D. Dueñas Tonguino, E. C. Dukes, H. Duyang, S. Edayath, R. Ehrlich, M. Elkins, E. Ewart, G. J. Feldman, P. Filip, J. Franc, M. J. Frank, H. R. Gallagher, R. Gandrajula, F. Gao, A. Giri, R. A. Gomes, M. C. Goodman, V. Grichine, M. Groh, R. Group, B. Guo, A. Habig, F. Hakl, A. Hall, J. Hartnell, R. Hatcher, H. Hausner, K. Heller, J. Hewes, A. Himmel, A. Holin, B. Jargowsky, J. Jarosz, F. Jediny, C. Johnson, M. Judah, I. Kakorin, D. Kalra, D. M. Kaplan, A. Kalitkina, R. Keloth, O. Klimov, L. W. Koerner, L. Kolupaeva, S. Kotelnikov, R. Kralik, CH Kullenberg, M. Kubu, A. Kumar, C. D. Kuruppu, V. Kus, T. Lackey, K. Lang, P. Lasorak, J. Lesmeister, S. Lin, A. Lister, J. Liu, M. Lokajicek, S. Magill, M. Manrique Plata, W. A. Mann, M. L. Marshak, M. Martinez-Casales, V. Matveev, B. Mayes, M. D. Messier, H. Meyer, T. Miao, W. H. Miller, S. R. Mishra, A. Mislivec, R. Mohanta, A. Moren, A. Morozova, W. Mu, L. Mualem, M. Muether, K. Mulder, D. Naples, N. Nayak, J. K. Nelson, R. Nichol, E. Niner, A. Norman, A. Norrick, T. Nosek, H. Oh, A. Olshevskiy, T. Olson, J. Ott, J. Paley, R. B. Patterson, G. Pawloski, O. Petrova, R. Petti, D. D. Phan, R. K. Plunkett, J. C.C. Porter, A. Rafique, V. Raj, M. Rajaoalisoa, B. Ramson, B. Rebel, P. Rojas, V. Ryabov, O. Samoylov, M. C. Sanchez, S. Sánchez Falero, P. Shanahan, A. Sheshukov, P. Singh, V. Singh, E. Smith, J. Smolik, P. Snopok, N. Solomey, A. Sousa, K. Soustruznik, M. Strait, L. Suter, A. Sutton, S. Swain, C. Sweeney, B. Tapia Oregui, P. Tas, T. Thakore, R. B. Thayyullathil, J. Thomas, E. Tiras, S. C. Tognini, J. Tripathi, J. Trokan-Tenorio, Y. Torun, J. Urheim, P. Vahle, Z. Vallari, J. Vasel, P. Vokac, T. Vrba, M. Wallbank, T. K. Warburton, M. Wetstein, D. Whittington, D. A. Wickremasinghe, S. G. Wojcicki, J. Wolcott, W. Wu, Y. Xiao, A. Yallappa Dombara, K. Yonehara, S. Yu, Y. Yu, S. Zadorozhnyy, J. Zalesak, Y. Zhang, R. Zwaska

Department of Physics

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

2 Scopus citations

Abstract

We report the rate of cosmic ray air showers with multiplicities exceeding 15 muon tracks recorded in the NOvA Far Detector between May 2016 and May 2018. The detector is located on the surface under an overburden of 3.6 meters water equivalent. We observe a seasonal dependence in the rate of multiple-muon showers, which varies in magnitude with multiplicity and zenith angle. During this period, the effective atmospheric temperature and surface pressure ranged between 210 K and 230 K and 940 mbar and 990 mbar, respectively; the shower rates are anticorrelated with the variation in the effective temperature. The variations are about 30% larger for the highest multiplicities than the lowest multiplicities and 20% larger for showers near the horizon than vertical showers.

Original language	English (US)
Article number	012014
Journal	Physical Review D
Volume	104
Issue number	1
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.104.012014
State	Published - Jul 1 2021

ASJC Scopus subject areas

Nuclear and High Energy Physics

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10.1103/PhysRevD.104.012014

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Acero, M. A., Adamson, P., Aliaga, L., Anfimov, N., Antoshkin, A., Arrieta-Diaz, E., Asquith, L., Aurisano, A., Back, A., Backhouse, C., Baird, M., Balashov, N., Baldi, P., Bambah, B. A., Bashar, S., Bays, K., Bernstein, R., Bhatnagar, V., Bhuyan, B., ... Zwaska, R. (2021). Seasonal variation of multiple-muon cosmic ray air showers observed in the NOvA detector on the surface. Physical Review D, 104(1), Article 012014. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.104.012014

Acero, MA, Adamson, P, Aliaga, L, Anfimov, N, Antoshkin, A, Arrieta-Diaz, E, Asquith, L, Aurisano, A, Back, A, Backhouse, C, Baird, M, Balashov, N, Baldi, P, Bambah, BA, Bashar, S, Bays, K, Bernstein, R, Bhatnagar, V, Bhuyan, B, Bian, J, Blair, J, Booth, AC, Bowles, R, Bromberg, C, Buchanan, N, Butkevich, A, Calvez, S, Carroll, TJ, Catano-Mur, E, Choudhary, BC, Christensen, A, Coan, TE, Colo, M, Cremonesi, L, Davies, GS, Derwent, PF, Ding, P, Djurcic, Z, Dolce, M, Doyle, D, Dueñas Tonguino, D, Dukes, EC, Duyang, H, Edayath, S, Ehrlich, R, Elkins, M, Ewart, E, Feldman, GJ, Filip, P, Franc, J, Frank, MJ, Gallagher, HR, Gandrajula, R, Gao, F, Giri, A, Gomes, RA, Goodman, MC, Grichine, V, Groh, M, Group, R, Guo, B, Habig, A, Hakl, F, Hall, A, Hartnell, J, Hatcher, R, Hausner, H, Heller, K, Hewes, J, Himmel, A, Holin, A, Jargowsky, B, Jarosz, J, Jediny, F, Johnson, C, Judah, M, Kakorin, I, Kalra, D, Kaplan, DM, Kalitkina, A, Keloth, R, Klimov, O, Koerner, LW, Kolupaeva, L, Kotelnikov, S, Kralik, R, Kullenberg, CH, Kubu, M, Kumar, A, Kuruppu, CD, Kus, V, Lackey, T, Lang, K, Lasorak, P, Lesmeister, J, Lin, S, Lister, A, Liu, J, Lokajicek, M, Magill, S, Manrique Plata, M, Mann, WA, Marshak, ML, Martinez-Casales, M, Matveev, V, Mayes, B, Messier, MD, Meyer, H, Miao, T, Miller, WH, Mishra, SR, Mislivec, A, Mohanta, R, Moren, A, Morozova, A, Mu, W, Mualem, L, Muether, M, Mulder, K, Naples, D, Nayak, N, Nelson, JK, Nichol, R, Niner, E, Norman, A, Norrick, A, Nosek, T, Oh, H, Olshevskiy, A, Olson, T, Ott, J, Paley, J, Patterson, RB, Pawloski, G, Petrova, O, Petti, R, Phan, DD, Plunkett, RK, Porter, JCC, Rafique, A, Raj, V, Rajaoalisoa, M, Ramson, B, Rebel, B, Rojas, P, Ryabov, V, Samoylov, O, Sanchez, MC, Sánchez Falero, S, Shanahan, P, Sheshukov, A, Singh, P, Singh, V, Smith, E, Smolik, J, Snopok, P, Solomey, N, Sousa, A, Soustruznik, K, Strait, M, Suter, L, Sutton, A, Swain, S, Sweeney, C, Tapia Oregui, B, Tas, P, Thakore, T, Thayyullathil, RB, Thomas, J, Tiras, E, Tognini, SC, Tripathi, J, Trokan-Tenorio, J, Torun, Y, Urheim, J, Vahle, P, Vallari, Z, Vasel, J, Vokac, P, Vrba, T, Wallbank, M, Warburton, TK, Wetstein, M, Whittington, D, Wickremasinghe, DA, Wojcicki, SG, Wolcott, J, Wu, W, Xiao, Y, Yallappa Dombara, A, Yonehara, K, Yu, S, Yu, Y, Zadorozhnyy, S, Zalesak, J, Zhang, Y & Zwaska, R 2021, 'Seasonal variation of multiple-muon cosmic ray air showers observed in the NOvA detector on the surface', Physical Review D, vol. 104, no. 1, 012014. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.104.012014

@article{a7578706df9b4174bae4292a02bbd277,

title = "Seasonal variation of multiple-muon cosmic ray air showers observed in the NOvA detector on the surface",

abstract = "We report the rate of cosmic ray air showers with multiplicities exceeding 15 muon tracks recorded in the NOvA Far Detector between May 2016 and May 2018. The detector is located on the surface under an overburden of 3.6 meters water equivalent. We observe a seasonal dependence in the rate of multiple-muon showers, which varies in magnitude with multiplicity and zenith angle. During this period, the effective atmospheric temperature and surface pressure ranged between 210 K and 230 K and 940 mbar and 990 mbar, respectively; the shower rates are anticorrelated with the variation in the effective temperature. The variations are about 30% larger for the highest multiplicities than the lowest multiplicities and 20% larger for showers near the horizon than vertical showers.",

author = "Acero, {M. A.} and P. Adamson and L. Aliaga and N. Anfimov and A. Antoshkin and E. Arrieta-Diaz and L. Asquith and A. Aurisano and A. Back and C. Backhouse and M. Baird and N. Balashov and P. Baldi and Bambah, {B. A.} and S. Bashar and K. Bays and R. Bernstein and V. Bhatnagar and B. Bhuyan and J. Bian and J. Blair and Booth, {A. C.} and R. Bowles and C. Bromberg and N. Buchanan and A. Butkevich and S. Calvez and Carroll, {T. J.} and E. Catano-Mur and Choudhary, {B. C.} and A. Christensen and Coan, {T. E.} and M. Colo and L. Cremonesi and Davies, {G. S.} and Derwent, {P. F.} and P. Ding and Z. Djurcic and M. Dolce and D. Doyle and {Due{\~n}as Tonguino}, D. and Dukes, {E. C.} and H. Duyang and S. Edayath and R. Ehrlich and M. Elkins and E. Ewart and Feldman, {G. J.} and P. Filip and J. Franc and Frank, {M. J.} and Gallagher, {H. R.} and R. Gandrajula and F. Gao and A. Giri and Gomes, {R. A.} and Goodman, {M. C.} and V. Grichine and M. Groh and R. Group and B. Guo and A. Habig and F. Hakl and A. Hall and J. Hartnell and R. Hatcher and H. Hausner and K. Heller and J. Hewes and A. Himmel and A. Holin and B. Jargowsky and J. Jarosz and F. Jediny and C. Johnson and M. Judah and I. Kakorin and D. Kalra and Kaplan, {D. M.} and A. Kalitkina and R. Keloth and O. Klimov and Koerner, {L. W.} and L. Kolupaeva and S. Kotelnikov and R. Kralik and CH Kullenberg and M. Kubu and A. Kumar and Kuruppu, {C. D.} and V. Kus and T. Lackey and K. Lang and P. Lasorak and J. Lesmeister and S. Lin and A. Lister and J. Liu and M. Lokajicek and S. Magill and {Manrique Plata}, M. and Mann, {W. A.} and Marshak, {M. L.} and M. Martinez-Casales and V. Matveev and B. Mayes and Messier, {M. D.} and H. Meyer and T. Miao and Miller, {W. H.} and Mishra, {S. R.} and A. Mislivec and R. Mohanta and A. Moren and A. Morozova and W. Mu and L. Mualem and M. Muether and K. Mulder and D. Naples and N. Nayak and Nelson, {J. K.} and R. Nichol and E. Niner and A. Norman and A. Norrick and T. Nosek and H. Oh and A. Olshevskiy and T. Olson and J. Ott and J. Paley and Patterson, {R. B.} and G. Pawloski and O. Petrova and R. Petti and Phan, {D. D.} and Plunkett, {R. K.} and Porter, {J. C.C.} and A. Rafique and V. Raj and M. Rajaoalisoa and B. Ramson and B. Rebel and P. Rojas and V. Ryabov and O. Samoylov and Sanchez, {M. C.} and {S{\'a}nchez Falero}, S. and P. Shanahan and A. Sheshukov and P. Singh and V. Singh and E. Smith and J. Smolik and P. Snopok and N. Solomey and A. Sousa and K. Soustruznik and M. Strait and L. Suter and A. Sutton and S. Swain and C. Sweeney and {Tapia Oregui}, B. and P. Tas and T. Thakore and Thayyullathil, {R. B.} and J. Thomas and E. Tiras and Tognini, {S. C.} and J. Tripathi and J. Trokan-Tenorio and Y. Torun and J. Urheim and P. Vahle and Z. Vallari and J. Vasel and P. Vokac and T. Vrba and M. Wallbank and Warburton, {T. K.} and M. Wetstein and D. Whittington and Wickremasinghe, {D. A.} and Wojcicki, {S. G.} and J. Wolcott and W. Wu and Y. Xiao and {Yallappa Dombara}, A. and K. Yonehara and S. Yu and Y. Yu and S. Zadorozhnyy and J. Zalesak and Y. Zhang and R. Zwaska",

note = "Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2021 Published by the American Physical Society",

year = "2021",

month = jul,

day = "1",

doi = "10.1103/PhysRevD.104.012014",

language = "English (US)",

volume = "104",

journal = "Physical Review D",

issn = "2470-0010",

publisher = "American Physical Society",

number = "1",

}

TY - JOUR

T1 - Seasonal variation of multiple-muon cosmic ray air showers observed in the NOvA detector on the surface

AU - Acero, M. A.

AU - Adamson, P.

AU - Aliaga, L.

AU - Anfimov, N.

AU - Antoshkin, A.

AU - Arrieta-Diaz, E.

AU - Asquith, L.

AU - Aurisano, A.

AU - Back, A.

AU - Backhouse, C.

AU - Baird, M.

AU - Balashov, N.

AU - Baldi, P.

AU - Bambah, B. A.

AU - Bashar, S.

AU - Bays, K.

AU - Bernstein, R.

AU - Bhatnagar, V.

AU - Bhuyan, B.

AU - Bian, J.

AU - Blair, J.

AU - Booth, A. C.

AU - Bowles, R.

AU - Bromberg, C.

AU - Buchanan, N.

AU - Butkevich, A.

AU - Calvez, S.

AU - Carroll, T. J.

AU - Catano-Mur, E.

AU - Choudhary, B. C.

AU - Christensen, A.

AU - Coan, T. E.

AU - Colo, M.

AU - Cremonesi, L.

AU - Davies, G. S.

AU - Derwent, P. F.

AU - Ding, P.

AU - Djurcic, Z.

AU - Dolce, M.

AU - Doyle, D.

AU - Dueñas Tonguino, D.

AU - Dukes, E. C.

AU - Duyang, H.

AU - Edayath, S.

AU - Ehrlich, R.

AU - Elkins, M.

AU - Ewart, E.

AU - Feldman, G. J.

AU - Filip, P.

AU - Franc, J.

AU - Frank, M. J.

AU - Gallagher, H. R.

AU - Gandrajula, R.

AU - Gao, F.

AU - Giri, A.

AU - Gomes, R. A.

AU - Goodman, M. C.

AU - Grichine, V.

AU - Groh, M.

AU - Group, R.

AU - Guo, B.

AU - Habig, A.

AU - Hakl, F.

AU - Hall, A.

AU - Hartnell, J.

AU - Hatcher, R.

AU - Hausner, H.

AU - Heller, K.

AU - Hewes, J.

AU - Himmel, A.

AU - Holin, A.

AU - Jargowsky, B.

AU - Jarosz, J.

AU - Jediny, F.

AU - Johnson, C.

AU - Judah, M.

AU - Kakorin, I.

AU - Kalra, D.

AU - Kaplan, D. M.

AU - Kalitkina, A.

AU - Keloth, R.

AU - Klimov, O.

AU - Koerner, L. W.

AU - Kolupaeva, L.

AU - Kotelnikov, S.

AU - Kralik, R.

AU - Kullenberg, CH

AU - Kubu, M.

AU - Kumar, A.

AU - Kuruppu, C. D.

AU - Kus, V.

AU - Lackey, T.

AU - Lang, K.

AU - Lasorak, P.

AU - Lesmeister, J.

AU - Lin, S.

AU - Lister, A.

AU - Liu, J.

AU - Lokajicek, M.

AU - Magill, S.

AU - Manrique Plata, M.

AU - Mann, W. A.

AU - Marshak, M. L.

AU - Martinez-Casales, M.

AU - Matveev, V.

AU - Mayes, B.

AU - Messier, M. D.

AU - Meyer, H.

AU - Miao, T.

AU - Miller, W. H.

AU - Mishra, S. R.

AU - Mislivec, A.

AU - Mohanta, R.

AU - Moren, A.

AU - Morozova, A.

AU - Mu, W.

AU - Mualem, L.

AU - Muether, M.

AU - Mulder, K.

AU - Naples, D.

AU - Nayak, N.

AU - Nelson, J. K.

AU - Nichol, R.

AU - Niner, E.

AU - Norman, A.

AU - Norrick, A.

AU - Nosek, T.

AU - Oh, H.

AU - Olshevskiy, A.

AU - Olson, T.

AU - Ott, J.

AU - Paley, J.

AU - Patterson, R. B.

AU - Pawloski, G.

AU - Petrova, O.

AU - Petti, R.

AU - Phan, D. D.

AU - Plunkett, R. K.

AU - Porter, J. C.C.

AU - Rafique, A.

AU - Raj, V.

AU - Rajaoalisoa, M.

AU - Ramson, B.

AU - Rebel, B.

AU - Rojas, P.

AU - Ryabov, V.

AU - Samoylov, O.

AU - Sanchez, M. C.

AU - Sánchez Falero, S.

AU - Shanahan, P.

AU - Sheshukov, A.

AU - Singh, P.

AU - Singh, V.

AU - Smith, E.

AU - Smolik, J.

AU - Snopok, P.

AU - Solomey, N.

AU - Sousa, A.

AU - Soustruznik, K.

AU - Strait, M.

AU - Suter, L.

AU - Sutton, A.

AU - Swain, S.

AU - Sweeney, C.

AU - Tapia Oregui, B.

AU - Tas, P.

AU - Thakore, T.

AU - Thayyullathil, R. B.

AU - Thomas, J.

AU - Tiras, E.

AU - Tognini, S. C.

AU - Tripathi, J.

AU - Trokan-Tenorio, J.

AU - Torun, Y.

AU - Urheim, J.

AU - Vahle, P.

AU - Vallari, Z.

AU - Vasel, J.

AU - Vokac, P.

AU - Vrba, T.

AU - Wallbank, M.

AU - Warburton, T. K.

AU - Wetstein, M.

AU - Whittington, D.

AU - Wickremasinghe, D. A.

AU - Wojcicki, S. G.

AU - Wolcott, J.

AU - Wu, W.

AU - Xiao, Y.

AU - Yallappa Dombara, A.

AU - Yonehara, K.

AU - Yu, S.

AU - Yu, Y.

AU - Zadorozhnyy, S.

AU - Zalesak, J.

AU - Zhang, Y.

AU - Zwaska, R.

PY - 2021/7/1

Y1 - 2021/7/1

N2 - We report the rate of cosmic ray air showers with multiplicities exceeding 15 muon tracks recorded in the NOvA Far Detector between May 2016 and May 2018. The detector is located on the surface under an overburden of 3.6 meters water equivalent. We observe a seasonal dependence in the rate of multiple-muon showers, which varies in magnitude with multiplicity and zenith angle. During this period, the effective atmospheric temperature and surface pressure ranged between 210 K and 230 K and 940 mbar and 990 mbar, respectively; the shower rates are anticorrelated with the variation in the effective temperature. The variations are about 30% larger for the highest multiplicities than the lowest multiplicities and 20% larger for showers near the horizon than vertical showers.

AB - We report the rate of cosmic ray air showers with multiplicities exceeding 15 muon tracks recorded in the NOvA Far Detector between May 2016 and May 2018. The detector is located on the surface under an overburden of 3.6 meters water equivalent. We observe a seasonal dependence in the rate of multiple-muon showers, which varies in magnitude with multiplicity and zenith angle. During this period, the effective atmospheric temperature and surface pressure ranged between 210 K and 230 K and 940 mbar and 990 mbar, respectively; the shower rates are anticorrelated with the variation in the effective temperature. The variations are about 30% larger for the highest multiplicities than the lowest multiplicities and 20% larger for showers near the horizon than vertical showers.

UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85111890005&partnerID=8YFLogxK

UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/citedby.url?scp=85111890005&partnerID=8YFLogxK

U2 - 10.1103/PhysRevD.104.012014

DO - 10.1103/PhysRevD.104.012014

M3 - Article

AN - SCOPUS:85111890005

SN - 2470-0010

VL - 104

JO - Physical Review D

JF - Physical Review D

IS - 1

M1 - 012014

ER -

Seasonal variation of multiple-muon cosmic ray air showers observed in the NOvA detector on the surface

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