Process for Converting Avocado Peel Into Hard Carbon Powder Useful for Battery Anodes

A process for converting avocado peels into hard carbon-based anodes for sodium ion batteries and a hard carbon material formed according to that process. The avocado peels are simply washed and dried, and then carbonized using a high temperature conversion step. Electrochemical measurements confirmed the applicability of avocado-derived hard carbon as electrode active materials, with high reversible capacities of 320 mAh/g over 50 cycles at 50 mA/g, good rate performance of 86 mAh/g at 3500 mA/g, and Coulombic efficiencies above 99.9% after 500 cycles.