Manipulating race and gender in media effects research: A methodological review using the media FIT taxonomy

Mass media play an intricate role in individual development, activation, and perpetuation of stereotypes regarding race and gender. Media content is both the outcome and source of widespread societal differences, making the investigation of race and gender in media a complicated task. Many researchers deploy empirical research to study this relationship, manipulating race and gender in a controlled environment and measuring subsequent effects including interpersonal and intrapersonal attitudes, support for social policy, and behaviors. Studies draw on methodologies established by earlier scholars, but no comprehensive review of these strategies has been conducted.