@article{8848cdb5008845f29313e1af7f2aa779,
title = "Late inception of a resiliently oxygenated upper ocean",
abstract = "Rising oceanic and atmospheric oxygen levels through time have been crucial to enhanced habitability of surface Earth environments. Few redox proxies can track secular variations in dissolved oxygen concentrations around threshold levels for metazoan survival in the upper ocean. We present an extensive compilation of iodine-to-calcium ratios (I/Ca) in marine carbonates. Our record supports a major rise in the partial pressure of oxygen in the atmosphere at ~400 million years (Ma) ago and reveals a step change in the oxygenation of the upper ocean to relatively sustainable near-modern conditions at ~200 Ma ago. An Earth system model demonstrates that a shift in organic matter remineralization to greater depths, which may have been due to increasing size and biomineralization of eukaryotic plankton, likely drove the I/Ca signals at ~200 Ma ago.",
author = "Wanyi Lu and Andy Ridgwell and Ellen Thomas and Hardisty, {Dalton S.} and Genming Luo and Algeo, {Thomas J.} and Saltzman, {Matthew R.} and Gill, {Benjamin C.} and Yanan Shen and Ling, {Hong Fei} and Edwards, {Cole T.} and Whalen, {Michael T.} and Xiaoli Zhou and Gutchess, {Kristina M.} and Li Jin and Rickaby, {Rosalind E.M.} and Jenkyns, {Hugh C.} and Lyons, {Timothy W.} and Lenton, {Timothy M.} and Kump, {Lee R.} and Zunli Lu",
note = "Funding Information: We acknowledge funding from grants NSF EAR-1349252, OCE-1232620, and OCE-1736542 (Z.L.); NERC NE/J01043X/1, ERC-2013-CoG-617313, and NSF OCE-1736771 (A.R.); NSF OCE-1736538 (E.T.); National Key R&D Project of China 2016YFA0601104 and NSFC 41290260 (G.L.); NSFC 41330102 and 41721002 and the “111” project (Y.S.); Wolfson Research Merit award from the Royal Society and EU award (R.E.M.R.); and NERC NE/N018508/1 and NE/P013643/ 1 (T.M.L.) Publisher Copyright: 2017 {\textcopyright} The Authors.",
year = "2018",
month = jul,
day = "13",
doi = "10.1126/science.aar5372",
language = "English (US)",
volume = "361",
pages = "174--177",
journal = "Science",
issn = "0036-8075",
publisher = "American Association for the Advancement of Science",
number = "6398",
}