Investigation of solvent effects in the hydrodeoxygenation of levulinic acid to γ-valerolactone over Ru catalysts

Physics & Astronomy

• catalysts 77%
• acids 74%
• solvation 68%
• biomass 54%
• reaction kinetics 37%
• water 35%
• deoxygenation 33%
• upgrading 27%
• catalytic activity 26%
• hydrogenation 22%
• liquids 22%
• methyl alcohol 21%
• metal surfaces 20%
• partial pressure 20%
• polarity 19%
• liquid phases 17%
• platforms 17%
• transition metals 17%
• vapor phases 16%
• adsorption 15%
• molecules 11%
• temperature 6%

Engineering & Materials Science

• Solvation 100%
• Acids 75%
• Catalysts 70%
• Reaction kinetics 46%
• Liquids 41%
• Water 33%
• Transition metals 30%
• Lignocellulosic biomass 29%
• Hydrogenation 26%
• Catalyst activity 25%
• Partial pressure 24%
• Methanol 21%
• Molecules 20%
• Adsorption 20%
• Biomass 18%
• Temperature 16%
• Gases 11%

Chemical Compounds

• Solvent Effect 79%
• Solvation 71%
• 1,4-dioxane 64%
• Reductive Deoxygenation 46%
• Solvent 39%
• Rate-Controlling Step 34%
• Catalyst 34%
• Acid 29%
• Partial Pressure 26%
• Polarity 22%
• Hydrogenation 20%
• Transition Element 20%
• Methanol 16%
• Environment 15%
• Liquid 15%
• Gas 14%
• Adsorption 13%
• Molecule 9%
• Surface 8%