@article{71f4a431d02243ee89e37d8a602adb7c,
title = "Implementing conservation measures for the North Atlantic right whale: considering the behavioral ontogeny of mother-calf pairs",
abstract = "Understanding the behavioral ecology of a species is fundamental to effective conservation and management efforts. This study quantifies the behavioral ontogeny of North Atlantic right whale mother-calf pairs from birth to weaning spanning three critical habitat areas off the eastern coast of the United States and Canada. Data from 55 focal follows of 34 mother-calf pairs were collected from 2011 to 2015. Resting behaviors dominated the activity budgets for both mother and calf during the first 5 months, putting them at increased risk of vessel collisions. There was an increase in the proportion of active behaviors (travel, foraging, social activity) in both mother and calf as the calf matured. Importantly, the type of active behaviors, in particular surface skim feeding and surface active social behavior, meant that the risk of vessel collision to the pair did not decrease as the calf matured. Mother-calf right whale pairs showed very low calling rates on the calving grounds, suggesting that passive acoustic monitoring may not be an effective mitigation tool during the early months. However, calling rates increase once the pair leave the calving areas with both calf age and activity levels increasing, at which point passive acoustic monitoring becomes valuable. Protective measures need to take these rapid developmental changes throughout calf growth into account to improve the efficacy of protection measures for the endangered North Atlantic right whale and other species where behavioral ecology changes rapidly during maturation.",
keywords = "North Atlantic right whale, activity budget, behavioral ontogeny, call rate, marine mammal, passive acoustic monitoring, vessel collision",
author = "Cusano, {D. A.} and Conger, {L. A.} and {Van Parijs}, {S. M.} and Parks, {S. E.}",
note = "Funding Information: This work was supported by the United States Office of Naval Research [Award no. N00014-12-1-0268] and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration under federal permits from the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS-Permit #775-1875-02 and #17355). Data collection was also approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee at Syracuse University. The authors would like to thank the following for logistical support and vital sightings: North Atlantic Right Whale Consortium, NOAA Southeast Science Center, Oceanworks Group, New England Aquarium, Georgia Department of Natural Resources, Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, the Center for Coastal Studies, Marineland Volunteer Sighting Network, and the Grand Manan Whale and Seabird Research Station. The authors also thank the many individuals who participated in data collection over the years, especially H. Blair, D. Cholewiak, W. Cioffi, T. Cole, G. Davis, P. Duley, M. Hag-bloom, A. Glass-Henry, K. Howe, R. A. Loer, L. Matthews, J. McCordic, N. Merchant, S. Mussoline, H. Root-Gutteridge, K. Silva, J. Tennessen, and M. Zani. Funding Information: This work was supported by the United States Office of Naval Research [Award no. N00014-12-1-0268] and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration under federal permits from the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS-Permit #775-1875-02 and #17355). Data collection was also approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee at Syracuse University. The authors would like to thank the following for logistical support and vital sightings: North Atlantic Right Whale Consortium, NOAA Southeast Science Center, Oceanworks Group, New England Aquarium, Georgia Department of Natural Resources, Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, the Center for Coastal Studies, Marineland Volunteer Sighting Network, and the Grand Manan Whale and Seabird Research Station. The authors also thank the many individuals who participated in data collection over the years, especially H. Blair, D. Cholewiak, W. Cioffi, T. Cole, G. Davis, P. Duley, M. Hagbloom, A. Glass-Henry, K. Howe, R. A. Loer, L. Matthews, J. McCordic, N. Merchant, S. Mussoline, H. Root-Gutteridge, K. Silva, J. Tennessen, and M. Zani. Publisher Copyright: Published 2018. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.",
year = "2019",
month = jun,
doi = "10.1111/acv.12457",
language = "English (US)",
volume = "22",
pages = "228--237",
journal = "Animal Conservation",
issn = "1367-9430",
publisher = "Wiley-Blackwell",
number = "3",
}