Homology over local homomorphisms

The notions of Betti numbers and of Bass numbers of a finite module N over a local ring R are extended to modules that are only assumed to be finite over S, for some local homomorphism φ R → S. Various techniques are developed to study the new invariants and to establish their basic properties. In some cases they are computed in closed form. Applications go in several directions. One is to identify new classes of finite R-modules whose classical Betti numbers or Bass numbers have extremal growth. Another is to transfer ring theoretical properties between R and S in situations where S may have infinite flat dimension over R. A third is to obtain criteria for a ring equipped with a "contracting" endomorphism - such as the Frobenius endomorphism - to be regular or complete intersection; these results represent broad generalizations of Kunz's characterization of regularity in prime characteristic.