Abstract
Recent work has presented hierarchical deployment of energy storage devices (ESDs) at the data center, rack, and server levels within a data center, along with a corresponding control framework for peak power shaving and energy cost reduction under (time-of-use) dynamic energy pricing policies. However, the prior work does not use a realistic power delivery architecture of the data center with hierarchical ESD structure, and fails to account for some key characteristics such as rate capacity effect of batteries and power losses in various AC/DC and DC/DC converters in the power delivery architecture. This paper aims to overcome these shortcomings by (i) adopting a realistic power delivery architecture (from Intel) for centralized ESD structure as the starting point, (ii) presenting a novel power delivery architecture for data centers with hierarchical ESD structure, borrowing the best features of the centralized ESD structure from Intel and the distributed single-level ESD structures from Google and Microsoft, (iii) providing a mathematical framework for the optimal design (i.e., ESD provisioning) and control (i.e., Scheduling the charging and discharging of various ESDs) of the hierarchical ESD structure to minimize overall energy cost under dynamic energy pricing functions. This framework accounts for constraints on ESD volume (for each level) and the overall (annually amortized) capital cost, and power losses due to the rate capacity effect and conversion circuitry. The ESD design problem is solved by using a search-based algorithm, whereas the ESD control problem is formulated and solved as a hierarchical convex optimization algorithm. Experiments have been conducted using real Google cluster workload based on realistic data center specifications, demonstrating the effectiveness of the proposed optimal design and control framework.
Original language | English (US) |
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Title of host publication | Proceedings - 2015 IEEE 8th International Conference on Cloud Computing, CLOUD 2015 |
Publisher | Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc. |
Pages | 805-812 |
Number of pages | 8 |
ISBN (Print) | 9781467372879 |
DOIs | |
State | Published - Aug 19 2015 |
Externally published | Yes |
Event | 8th IEEE International Conference on Cloud Computing, CLOUD 2015 - New York, United States Duration: Jun 27 2015 → Jul 2 2015 |
Other
Other | 8th IEEE International Conference on Cloud Computing, CLOUD 2015 |
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Country/Territory | United States |
City | New York |
Period | 6/27/15 → 7/2/15 |
Keywords
- Data centers
- Energy storage devices (ESDs)
- Hierarchical ESD structure
ASJC Scopus subject areas
- Computer Networks and Communications