TY - JOUR
T1 - Gender and cognitive-emotional factors as predictors of pre-sleep arousal and trait hyperarousal in insomnia
AU - Hantsoo, Liisa
AU - Khou, Christina S.
AU - White, Corey N.
AU - Ong, Jason C.
N1 - Funding Information:
This research was supported by grant K23AT003678 awarded to Jason Ong. We greatly appreciate the contributions of David Sholtes and Michael Lederman for their help with data collection and data management. We also acknowledge the mentorship of James Wyatt, Ph.D. and Rachel Manber, Ph.D. for the design and implementation of the parent study within which this study was conducted.
PY - 2013/4
Y1 - 2013/4
N2 - Objective: Elevated pre-sleep arousal has been consistently associated with insomnia, yet the cognitive-emotional mechanisms involved in sleep-related arousal remain unclear. The purpose of this study was to identify predictors of pre-sleep arousal and trait hyperarousal from a set of variables that included self-reported affect, sleep-related cognitions, locus of control, and gender. Methods: Cross-sectional data were analyzed for 128 participants (89 females) who met criteria for psychophysiological insomnia and completed a set of questionnaires that included the Beliefs and Attitudes about Sleep (BAS), Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (Negative Subscale (nPANAS) and Positive Subscale (pPANAS)), Sleep Locus of Control (SLOC), Pre-Sleep Arousal Scale (PSAS), Hyperarousal Scale (HAS) and demographic information. Step-wise regression was conducted with a set of independent variables, with PSAS and HAS serving as separate dependent variables. Results: Trait hyperarousal was associated with higher levels of both negative and positive emotionality, as well as negative beliefs about sleep, in both genders. Pre-sleep arousal was associated with greater negative emotionality and internal sleep locus of control, varying by gender. Among women, high pre-sleep arousal was associated with negative emotionality, while in men greater pre-sleep arousal was associated with an internal sleep locus of control. Conclusion: These findings have clinical implications, suggesting that men and women may require different cognitive targets when addressing pre-sleep arousal.
AB - Objective: Elevated pre-sleep arousal has been consistently associated with insomnia, yet the cognitive-emotional mechanisms involved in sleep-related arousal remain unclear. The purpose of this study was to identify predictors of pre-sleep arousal and trait hyperarousal from a set of variables that included self-reported affect, sleep-related cognitions, locus of control, and gender. Methods: Cross-sectional data were analyzed for 128 participants (89 females) who met criteria for psychophysiological insomnia and completed a set of questionnaires that included the Beliefs and Attitudes about Sleep (BAS), Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (Negative Subscale (nPANAS) and Positive Subscale (pPANAS)), Sleep Locus of Control (SLOC), Pre-Sleep Arousal Scale (PSAS), Hyperarousal Scale (HAS) and demographic information. Step-wise regression was conducted with a set of independent variables, with PSAS and HAS serving as separate dependent variables. Results: Trait hyperarousal was associated with higher levels of both negative and positive emotionality, as well as negative beliefs about sleep, in both genders. Pre-sleep arousal was associated with greater negative emotionality and internal sleep locus of control, varying by gender. Among women, high pre-sleep arousal was associated with negative emotionality, while in men greater pre-sleep arousal was associated with an internal sleep locus of control. Conclusion: These findings have clinical implications, suggesting that men and women may require different cognitive targets when addressing pre-sleep arousal.
KW - Gender differences
KW - Hyperarousal
KW - Insomnia
KW - Pre-sleep arousal
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U2 - 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2013.01.014
DO - 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2013.01.014
M3 - Article
C2 - 23497828
AN - SCOPUS:84875263409
SN - 0022-3999
VL - 74
SP - 283
EP - 289
JO - Journal of Psychosomatic Research
JF - Journal of Psychosomatic Research
IS - 4
ER -