@article{d87de748149348bea50ec6c73c46b2bb,
title = "Cognitive correlates of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents with high intellectual ability",
abstract = "Background: There is an ongoing debate as to whether attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in highly intelligent individuals has a similar presentation as in average intelligent individuals. The aim of this study was to examine the cognitive correlates of ADHD in highly intelligent children and adolescents with ADHD. Method: Two independent samples (N = 204 and N = 84) of (1) high intelligence quotient (IQ) (IQ ≥ 120) children and adolescents with ADHD were used, carefully matched on age, gender, ADHD severity, and IQ with (2) control participants with high intelligence, (3) participants with ADHD with an average intelligence (IQ 90-110), and (4) control participants with an average intelligence. These samples were selected from the Dutch node of the International Multicenter ADHD Genetics (NeuroIMAGE) and Tracking Adolescents' Individual Lives Survey (TRAILS) cohorts, respectively, in which a large battery of cognitive tasks was administered. Linear mixed models were used to examine the main effects of ADHD and IQ and their interaction on cognitive performance. Results: ADHD-control group differences were not moderated by IQ; mostly equally large ADHD-control differences in cognitive performance were found for high versus average intelligent groups. The small moderating effects found mostly indicated somewhat milder cognitive problems in highly intelligent individuals with ADHD. Overall, highly intelligent children and adolescents with ADHD performed at the level of the average intelligent control children. Conclusions: Our findings indicate the cognitive profile of ADHD is similar in highly versus average intelligent individuals with ADHD, although ADHD-related cognitive deficits may be easily overlooked in the high intelligence population when compared to the typical (i.e., average intelligent) control group.",
keywords = "ADHD, Cognition, Giftedness, High intelligence, Twice exceptional",
author = "Mar{\'i}a Cadenas and Catharina Hartman and Stephen Faraone and Kevin Antshel and {\'A}frica Borges and Lianne Hoogeveen and Nanda Rommelse",
note = "Funding Information: The work of Dr. Cadenas was supported by a research grant awarded by the Fundaci{\'o}n Canaria Doctor Manuel Morales (Canary Foundation Dr. Manuel Morales). Funding Information: This study used the sample from the NeuroIMAGE project. NeuroIMAGE was performed between 2009 and 2012, and is the follow-up study of the Dutch part of the International Multisite ADHD Genetics (IMAGE) project, a multisite, international effort. The IMAGE project was provided by NIH grants R01MH62873 and R01MH081803 to Dr. Faraone. The follow-up and extension studies were supported by an NWO Large Investment Grant 1750102007010 and NWO Brain & Cognition Integrative Approach grant (433-09-242) to Dr. Buitelaar, and grants from Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, University Medical Center Groningen and Accare, and VU University Amsterdam. This research also used the sample from the Tracking Adolescents{\textquoteright} Individual Lives Survey (TRAILS). Participating centers of TRAILS include the University Medical Center and University of Groningen, the University of Utrecht, and the Radboud Medical Center Nijmegen. TRAILS has been financially supported by grants from the NWO (Medical Research Council program grant GB-MW 940-38-011; ZonMW Brainpower grant 100-001-004; ZonMw Risk Behaviour and Dependence grants 60-60600-97-118; ZonMw Culture and Health grant 261-98-710; Social Sciences Council medium-sized investment grants GB-MaGW 480-01-006 and GB-MaGW 480-07-001; Social Sciences Council project grants GB-MaGW 452-04-314 and GB-MaGW 452-06-004; NWO large-sized investment grant 175.010.2003.005; NWO Longitudinal Survey and Panel Funding 481-08-013; NWO Vici 016.130.002; NWO Gravitation 024.001.003), the Dutch Ministry of Justice (WODC), the European Science Foundation (EuroSTRESS project FP-006), Biobanking and Biomolecular Resources Research Infrastructure BBMRI-NL (CP 32), the Gratama foundation, the Jan Dekker foundation, the participating universities, and Accare Centre for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2020 The Author(s).",
year = "2020",
month = feb,
day = "10",
doi = "10.1186/s11689-020-9307-8",
language = "English (US)",
volume = "12",
journal = "Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders",
issn = "1866-1947",
publisher = "Springer New York",
number = "1",
}