@article{e0ca7b7e5059434b8f891d68877027cd,
title = "Chemical constituents in the air and snow at Dye 3, Greenland-II. Analysis of episodes in April 1989",
abstract = "Detailed examination of a two-week period in April 1989 during the Dye 3 Gas and Aerosol Sampling Program shows that episodes of relatively high concentration of certain chemical constituents occur at this time of year. Airborne concentrations of crustal metals such as Al and Ca can exceed 100 ng m-3, while concentrations of SO42- can exceed 1000 ng m-3. Elevated concentrations of MSA, 7Be and 210Pb are also noted. Consideration of synoptic maps and backward air mass trajectories suggests that the episodes are due to transport from a variety of source regions, including Eurasia (transport over the Pole), North America and western Europe. In addition to elevated airborne concentrations, levels of these constituents in surface snow are high during April. However, it is difficult to develop quantitative relationships between concentrations in air and in snow due to the difficulty in measuring airborne concentrations at cloud-level; variations in scavenging by clouds may also be significant. It is concluded that the springtime maxima in airborne concentrations resulting from long-range transport from a variety of source regions are responsible for strong identifiable signals in ice cores and snowpits from this region.",
keywords = "DGASP, Greenland, MSA, aerosols, meteorology, radionuclides, scavenging ratios, sulfate, trace metals, trajectories",
author = "Davidson, {C. I.} and Jaffrezo, {J. L.} and Mosher, {B. W.} and Dibb, {J. E.} and Borys, {R. D.} and Bodhaine, {B. A.} and Rasmussen, {R. A.} and Boutron, {C. F.} and Ducroz, {F. M.} and M. Cachier and J. Ducret and Collin, {J. L.} and Heidam, {N. Z.} and K. Kemp and R. Hillamos",
note = "Funding Information: Acknowledgements--We wish to acknowledge the following individuals who assisted in various phases of the program: Nancy Atkinson, Siv Balachandran, Michael Bergin, Frank Boscoe, Robert Gandley, Joel Greenhouse, Milind Kan-dlikar, Ta-Chun Lin and Mitchell Small of Carnegie Mellon University; Nell Tindale of the University of Rhode Island; Len Barrie, Marvin Olson and Peter Summers of the Atmospheric Environment Service, Downsview, Ontario; Willy Maenhaut of the Instituut voor Nucleaire Weternschappen in Gent, Belgium; Ursula Gorlach of the Laboratoire de Glaciologie et Geophysique de l'Environnement in Grenoble, France; Karl Kuivinen, William Boiler, Cathy Shaner and Kent Swanson of the Polar Ice Coring Office, Lincoln, Nebraska; and Lee Schoen, Robert Teague and other personnel at Dye 3. Assistance with the figures was provided by Marianne Kolson. Meteorological data were obtained from the Danish Weather Service in Sondrestrom0ord, Greenland. The Dye 3 Gas and Aerosol Program was funded by the following grants from the National Science Foundation: DPP-8922049 (Borys), DPP-8618223, DPP-8821018, ATM-8922034 (Davidson), DPP-8821960 (Dibb) and DPP-8821960 (Mosher). The work conducted in France was funded in part by the French Ministry of the Environment; the work conducted in Finland was funded in part by the Maj and Tor Nestling Foundation.",
year = "1993",
month = dec,
doi = "10.1016/0960-1686(93)90305-I",
language = "English (US)",
volume = "27",
pages = "2723--2737",
journal = "Atmospheric Environment Part A, General Topics",
issn = "0960-1686",
publisher = "Pergamon Press Ltd.",
number = "17-18",
}