TY - JOUR
T1 - Age of Migration and Cognitive Function among Older Latinos in the United States
AU - Garcia, Marc A.
AU - Ortiz, Kasim
AU - Arévalo, Sandra P.
AU - Diminich, Erica D.
AU - Briceño, Emily
AU - Vega, Irving E.
AU - Tarraf, Wassim
AU - Calderón-Garcidueñas, Lilian
N1 - Funding Information:
Dr. Tarraf is supported by R01AG48642 (National Institute on Aging). Drs. Garcia, Vega, and Diminich are supported by P30AG059300 (National Institute on Aging). Dr. Garcia is also supported by the Nebraska Tobacco Settlement Biomedical Research Development Funds. Mr. Ortiz is supported by R01AG054466-0S1(National Institute on Aging), U54MD004811-0S1 (National Institute of Minority Health & Health Disparities) and R01NR015241-0S1 (National Institute of Nursing Research). The content of this manuscript is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the views of NIH or other funding organizations.
Funding Information:
[45] Rand H (2019) Longitudinal File 2014 (V2). Produced by the RAND Center for the Study of Aging, with funding from the National Institute on Aging and the Social Security Administration Santa Monica, CA (February 2018).
Publisher Copyright:
© 2020 - IOS Press and the authors. All rights reserved.
PY - 2020
Y1 - 2020
N2 - Age of migration has been shown to have a robust association with Latino immigrant health outcomes; however, the relationship between timing of migration and cognition is less understood. Objective: To examine associations between race/ethnicity, nativity, age of migration, and cognitive aging among US-born (USB) non-Latino Whites (NLW) and USB and foreign-born Latinos 50 years and older. Methods: We used longitudinal biennial data from the Health and Retirement Study (HRS; 2006-2014) to fit generalized linear and linear latent growth curve models for: 1) global cognition (Modified Telephone Interview for Cognitive Status; TICS-M); 2) memory and attention subdomains of TICS-M; and 3) cognitive dysfunction. We also tested for sex modifications. Results: In age and sex adjusted models, all Latino subgroups, independent of nativity and age of migration, had lower global and domain-specific cognitive scores and higher propensity of cognitive impairment classification compared to USB-NLWs. Differences between USB Latinos, but not other Latino subgroups, and USB-NLWs remained after full covariate adjustment. Latinas, independent of nativity or age of migration, had poorer cognitive scores relative to NLW females. Differences between all Latinos and USB-NLWs were principally expressed at baseline. Racial/ethnic, nativity, and age of migration grouping was not associated with slope (nor explained variance) of cognitive decline. Conclusion: Older US-born Latinos, regardless of sex exhibit poorer cognitive function than older USB-NLWs and foreign-born Latinos. Social determinants that differentially affect cognitive function, particularly those that compensate for education and sex differences among US-born Latinos and foreign-born Latinos, require further exploration.
AB - Age of migration has been shown to have a robust association with Latino immigrant health outcomes; however, the relationship between timing of migration and cognition is less understood. Objective: To examine associations between race/ethnicity, nativity, age of migration, and cognitive aging among US-born (USB) non-Latino Whites (NLW) and USB and foreign-born Latinos 50 years and older. Methods: We used longitudinal biennial data from the Health and Retirement Study (HRS; 2006-2014) to fit generalized linear and linear latent growth curve models for: 1) global cognition (Modified Telephone Interview for Cognitive Status; TICS-M); 2) memory and attention subdomains of TICS-M; and 3) cognitive dysfunction. We also tested for sex modifications. Results: In age and sex adjusted models, all Latino subgroups, independent of nativity and age of migration, had lower global and domain-specific cognitive scores and higher propensity of cognitive impairment classification compared to USB-NLWs. Differences between USB Latinos, but not other Latino subgroups, and USB-NLWs remained after full covariate adjustment. Latinas, independent of nativity or age of migration, had poorer cognitive scores relative to NLW females. Differences between all Latinos and USB-NLWs were principally expressed at baseline. Racial/ethnic, nativity, and age of migration grouping was not associated with slope (nor explained variance) of cognitive decline. Conclusion: Older US-born Latinos, regardless of sex exhibit poorer cognitive function than older USB-NLWs and foreign-born Latinos. Social determinants that differentially affect cognitive function, particularly those that compensate for education and sex differences among US-born Latinos and foreign-born Latinos, require further exploration.
KW - Alzheimer's disease and related dementias
KW - Latino
KW - cognitive function
KW - immigration
KW - nativity
KW - sex differences
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U2 - 10.3233/JAD-191296
DO - 10.3233/JAD-191296
M3 - Article
C2 - 32651313
AN - SCOPUS:85089922786
SN - 1387-2877
VL - 76
SP - 1493
EP - 1511
JO - Journal of Alzheimer's Disease
JF - Journal of Alzheimer's Disease
IS - 4
ER -