A randomized clinical trial of a group cognitive–behavioral therapy to reduce alcohol use among human immunodeficiency virus-infected outpatients in western Kenya

Background and aims: Culturally relevant and feasible interventions are needed to address limited professional resources in sub-Saharan Africa for behaviorally treating the dual epidemics of HIV and alcohol use disorder. This study tested the efficacy of a cognitive–behavioral therapy (CBT) intervention to reduce alcohol use among HIV-infected outpatients in Eldoret, Kenya. Design: Randomized clinical trial. Setting: A large HIV outpatient clinic in Eldoret, Kenya, affiliated with the Academic Model Providing Access to Healthcare collaboration. Participants: A total of 614 HIV-infected outpatients [312 CBT; 302 healthy life-styles (HL); 48.5% male; mean age: 38.9 years; mean education 7.7 years] who reported a minimum of hazardous or binge drinking. Intervention and comparator: A culturally adapted six-session gender-stratified group CBT intervention compared with HL education, each delivered by paraprofessionals over six weekly 90-minute sessions with a 9-month follow-up. Measurements: Primary outcome measures were percentage of drinking days (PDD) and mean drinks per drinking day (DDD) computed from retrospective daily number of drinks data obtained by use of the time-line follow-back from baseline to 9 months post-intervention. Exploratory analyses examined unprotected sex and number of partners. Findings: Median attendance was six sessions across condition. Retention at 9 months post-intervention was high and similar by condition: CBT 86% and HL 83%. PDD and DDD marginal means were significantly lower in CBT than HL at all three study phases. Maintenance period, PDD – CBT = 3.64 (0.696), HL = 5.72 (0.71), mean difference 2.08, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.13 – 4.04; DDD – CBT = 0.66 (0.96), HL = 0.98 (0.098), mean difference = 0.31, 95% CI = 0.05 – 0.58. Risky sex decreased over time in both conditions, with a temporary effect for CBT at the 1-month follow-up. Conclusions: A cognitive–behavioral therapy intervention was more efficacious than healthy lifestyles education in reducing alcohol use among HIV-infected Kenyan outpatient drinkers.